International broadcasting is broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at a foreign, rather than a domestic, audience. It usually is broadcast by means of longwave, mediumwave, or shortwave radio, but in recent years has also used direct satellite broadcasting and the Internet as means of reaching audiences.

Although radio and television programs do travel outside national borders, in many cases reception by foreigners is accidental. However, for purposes of propaganda, transmitting religious beliefs, keeping in touch with colonies or expatriates, education, improving trade, increasing national prestige, or promoting tourism and goodwill, broadcasting services have operated external services since the 1920s.

Reasons for international broadcasting

Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. The examples given below are not meant to be exhaustive, but are illustrative.

One clear reason is for ideological, or propaganda reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in a positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment and/or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents. Radio RSA, the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on Radio Moscow from the 1960s to the 1980s was ''What is Communism?''

Other reasons include broadcasting news which might be censored, or at least of little interest, in a nation. The BBC World Service and the Voice of America have emphasized news broadcasts. In addition to these services, during the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the American Radio Free Europe ran its own domestic service for nations "behind the Iron Curtain."

In the case of emergencies, a nation may broadcast special programs overseas to inform listeners what is occurring. During Iraqi missile strikes on Israel during the 1991 Gulf War, Kol Israel relayed its domestic service on its shortwave service.

Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example, Vatican Radio, established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as HCJB or Trans World Radio will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In the case of the Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, both governmental and religious programming is provided.

Stations also broadcast to international audiences for cultural reasons. Often a station has an official mandate to keep expatriates in touch with the home country. Many broadcasters often relay their national domestic service on shortwave for that reason. Other reasons include teaching a foreign language, such as Radio Exterior de España's Spanish class, ''Un idioma sin fronteras'', or the Voice of America's broadcasts in Special English. In the case of major broadcasters such as the BBC World Service or Radio Australia, there is also an educational outreach.

History of international broadcasting

1914-1933

International broadcasting, in a limited extent, began during World War I, when Central Powers and Allied stations broadcast press communiqués using Morse code. For example, the station in Nauen, Germany became a fully commercial telegraph station in 1911, with a 260 m high antenna and a spark-gap transmitter running 100 kW of power. During World War I, with the severing of Germany's undersea cables, Nauen was the sole means of long-distance communication of Germany. The US Navy Radio Service radio station in New Brunswick, Canada, transmitted the Fourteen Points by wireless to Nauen in 1917. In turn, Nauen station broadcast the news of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II on November 10, 1918.

Following experiments in the shortwave frequencies in 1925 from Eindhoven, in the Netherlands, radio station PCJJ began broadcasting on March 11, 1927 with programmes in Dutch for colonies in the Dutch West Indies and Dutch East Indies and in German, Spanish and English for the rest of the world. The popular Happy Station show was inaugurated in 1928.

The BBC followed this with the BBC Empire Service on December 19, 1932, with transmissions aimed towards Australia and New Zealand.

Other notable early international broadcasters included Vatican Radio (February 12, 1931), Radio Moscow, the official service of the Soviet Union which began broadcasting on long-wave in 1923 (this has since been renamed the Voice of Russia, following the collapse of the Soviet Union).

Clarence W. Jones started transmitting on Christmas Day, 1931 from Christian missionary radio station HCJB in Quito, Ecuador.

Shortwave broadcasting from Nauen in Germany to the USA, Central and South America, and the Far East began in 1926. A second station, Zeesen, was added later. In January 1932, the German Reichpost assumed control of the Nauen station and added to its shortwave and longwave capacity.

Broadcasting in South Asia was launched in 1925 in Ceylon - Radio Ceylon, now the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation is the oldest in the region.

1934-1939

Shortwave programming was a low priority in the Weimar Republic. Once Adolf Hitler assumed power in 1933, shortwave, under the ''Auslandsrundfunk'' (Foreign Radio Section), was regarded as a vital element of Nazi propaganda. German shortwave hours were increased from two hours a day to 18 per day, and eventually twelve languages were broadcast on a 24-hour basis, including English. A 100 kilowatt transmitter and antenna complex was built at Zeesen, near Berlin. Specialty target programming to the United States began in 1933, to South Africa, South America, and East Asia in 1934, and South Asia and Central America in 1938.

In the 1930s, international broadcasting was a key means of promoting Nazi Germany foreign policy. German propaganda was organized under Joseph Goebbels, and played a key role in the German annexation of Austria and the Munich Crisis of 1938.

Mediumwave transmitters on the periphery of the Third Reich provided specialty programs to listeners in neighboring countries. Nevertheless, the Germans always had a problem staffing their foreign services with announcers who were both technically competent and loyal to Nazi ideas.

In 1936, the International Radio Union recognized Vatican Radio as a "special case" and authorized its broadcasting without any geographical limits. On December 25, 1937, a Telefunken 25-kW transmitter and two directional antennas were added. Vatican Radio broadcast over 10 frequencies.

During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist forces received a powerful Telefunken transmitter as a gift of Nazi Germany to aid their propaganda efforts, and until 1943 Radio Nacional de España collaborated with the Axis powers to retransmit in Spanish news from the official radio stations of Germany and Italy.

World War II

During the Second World War, Russian, German, British, and Italian international broadcasting services expanded. In 1942, the United States initiated its international broadcasting service, the Voice of America. In the Pacific theater, General Douglas MacArthur used shortwave radio to keep in touch with the citizens of the Japanese-occupied Philippine Islands.

Several announcers who became well known in their countries included British Union of Fascists member William Joyce, who was one of the two "Lord Haw-Haw"s; Frenchmen Paul Ferdonnet and Andre Olbrecht, called "the traitors of [Radio] Stuttgart"; and Americans Frederick William Kaltenbach, "Lord Hee-Haw", and Mildred Gillars, one of the two announcers called "Axis Sally". Listeners to German programs often tuned in for curiosity's sake—at one time, German radio had half a million listeners in the U.S.--but most of them soon lost interest. Japan had "Tokyo Rose", who broadcast Japanese propaganda in English, along with American music to help ensure listeners.

For details of German propaganda themes, see propaganda.

During World War II, Vatican Radio's news broadcasts were banned in Germany. During the war, the radio service operated in four languages. Meanwhile in East Germany, the Nauen site began transmitting Radio DDR, later Radio Berlin International, on October 15, 1959.

In addition to the superpower states, international broadcast services grew in Europe and the Middle East. Under the presidency of Gamal Nasser, Egyptian transmitters covered the Arab world; Israel's service, Kol Yisrael, served both to present the Israeli point of view to the world and to serve the Jewish diaspora, particularly behind the Iron Curtain.

Radio RSA, as part of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, was established in 1966 to promote the image of South Africa internationally and reduce criticism of apartheid. It continued in 1992, when the post-apartheid government renamed it Channel Africa.

Ironically, the isolationist Albania under Enver Hoxha, virtually a hermit kingdom, became one of the most prolific international broadcasters during the latter decades of the Cold War, with Radio Tirana one of the top five broadcasters in terms of hours of programming produced.

Post Cold War to today

At the end of the Cold War, many international broadcasters cut back on hours and foreign languages broadcast, or reemphasized other language services. For example, in 1984, Radio Canada International broadcast in English, French, German, Spanish, Czech/Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian. In 2005, Canada broadcast in English, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Spanish There is a trend towards more TV (e.g. BBC World, NHK World, CCTV-9), and news websites. Some services, such as Swiss Radio International, left shortwave altogether and exist in Internet form. In addition, new standards, such as Digital Radio Mondiale, are being introduced, as well as sending programs over the Web to be played back later, as "podcasts".

Daily developments are followed in Radio Netherlands' Media Network blog .

The television era (1990s - present)

International broadcasting using the traditional audio only method will not cease any time soon due to its cost efficiencies. However, international broadcasting via television is considered more strategically important at least since the early 2000s.

The BBC World Service was the first broadcaster to consider setting up a satellite television news and information channel as far back as 1976, but ceded being the first to CNN (that had primary access to Canada soon after launch). The defunct BBC World Service Antigua Relay Station was built in 1976, but its setup costs were not known to have been part of the BBCWS decision processes at the time.

In the early 1990s, many international (as well as domestic) 24 hour news and information channels launched as part of the post-Cold War prosperity bubble. There was another burst of global news channels launching in the late 2000s as part the developing world trying to catch up with the developed world in this area.

Notable networks

BBC World News (English, Persian, Arabic)

Sky News (English)

France24 (French, English, Arabic)

TV Globo (Portuguese, English)

Al-Jazeera (English, Arabic)

teleSUR (Spanish, Portuguese)

Deutsche Welle (German, English, Arabic, Spanish)

TRT (Turkish and 36 languages)

Press TV (English)

TV5MONDE (French)

RT (Russian, Arabic, English, Spanish)

Australia Network (English)

Means to reach an audience

Because of this many broadcasters are discovering they can reach a wider audience through other methods (particularly the internet and satellite television) and are cutting back on (or even entirely dropping) shortwave.

An international broadcaster has several options for reaching a foreign audience:

If the foreign audience is near the broadcaster, high-power longwave and mediumwave stations can provide reliable coverage.

If the foreign audience is more than 1,000 kilometers away from the broadcaster, shortwave radio is reliable, but subject to interruption by adverse solar/geomagnetic conditions.

An international broadcaster may use a local mediumwave or FM radio or television relay station in the target country or countries.

An international broadcaster may use a local shortwave broadcaster as a relay station.

Neighboring states, such as Israel and Jordan, may broadcast television programs to each other's viewing public.

An international broadcaster such as the BBC, Radio France International or Germany's Deutsche Welle, may use all the above methods. Several international broadcasters, such as Swiss Radio International, have abandoned shortwave broadcasting altogether, relying on Internet transmissions only. Others, such as the BBC World Service, have abandoned shortwave transmissions to North America, relying on local relays, the Internet, and satellite transmissions

Mediumwave and longwave broadcasts

Most radio receivers in the world receive the mediumwave band (530 kHz to 1710 kHz), which at night is capable of reliable reception from 150 to 2,500 km distance from a transmitter. Mediumwave is used heavily all over the world for international broadcasting on a formal and informal basis.

In addition, many receivers used in Europe and Russia can receive the longwave broadcast band (150 to 280 kHz), which provides reliable long-distance communications over continental distances.

Shortwave broadcast

Yet other receivers are capable of receiving shortwave transmissions (2,000 to 30,000 kHz or 2 to 30 MHz). Depending on time of day, season of year, solar weather and Earth's geomagnetic field, a signal might reach around the world.

In previous decades shortwave (and sometimes high-powered mediumwave) transmission was regarded as the main (and often the ''only'') way in which broadcasters could reach an international audience. In recent years the proliferation of technologies such as satellite broadcasting, the Internet, and rebroadcasts of programming on AM and FM within target nations has meant that this is no longer necessarily the case.

Transmitter output power has increased since 1920. Higher transmitter powers do guarantee better reception in the target area. Higher transmitter power in most cases counteracts the lesser effects of jamming.

1950s : 100 kW

1960s : 200 kW, early 1960s (2 x 100 kW 'twinned')

1970s : 300 kW, but many 250 kW transmitters sold

1980s : 500 kW sometimes transmitters were "doubled up" to produce 1000 Kw output

1980s-present: 600 kW single, 1200 kW from twinned transmitters.

International stations generally use special directional antennas to aim the signal toward the intended audience and increase the effective power in that direction. Use of such antennas for international broadcasting began in the mid 1930s and became prominent by the 1950s. By using antennas which focus most of their energy in one direction, a modern station may achieve the equivalent, in that direction, of tens of millions of watts of radio power.

Digital Audio Broadcasting

Some international broadcasters have become available via Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) in Europe in the 1990s, and in a similar limited way in the Americas via in-band FM (IBOC) DAB systems in the US in the 2000s. This is a popular method to reach listeners in cars that would otherwise not be accessible during that part of the day. However, in terms of the global international broadcasting audience the DAB listener base is very small—one can assume that it is less than 2% of the listener base globally.

Television

International broadcasting via 24 hour TV news channels has its origins in North America in the early 1980s. CNN technically was the first 24 hour international news channel as it was made available in Canada soon after launch. It must be noted that the BBC World Service considered setting up a global TV news channel as far back as 1975, but abandoned the idea for internal reasons.

In spite of a large number of international 24 hour television news and information broadcasters—the television percentage of viewers is still fairly small when compared to global radio listener numbers.

It must be understood that the rural populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (as well as East Asia) have radio listener bases that are far larger than the largest international TV broadcaster could hope for—yet could be considered under served since the end of the Cold War (when these regions had more radio broadcasts targeted at them).

Streaming video sites

Many international television broadcasters (as well as domestic television broadcasters) have set up accounts on streaming video sites like YouTube to allow their news and information broadcasts to be globally distributed. The viewer numbers for these sites may seem huge. Cable, TVRO and terrestrial television broadcasters probably have 100 to 1,000 times larger audiences for their international broadcasting content.

International broadcasters known to maintain their own streaming video sites (not authoritative)

CNN

France 24

Russia Today

Al Jazeera English

RSS feeds & Email

Many international broadcasters (television or radio) can reach "unreachable" audiences via email and RSS feeds. This is not at all unusual, as the first commonly agreed international broadcast was a Morse Code telegram transmitted from US President Wilson to the German Kaiser (mid-1918) via a high powered longwave transmitter on the US East Coast (this important event in international broadcasting history was described in depth in the IEEE "The History of International Broadcasting" first volume). As Morse Code is considered to be a data format, with email and RSS merely being refinements of the technology it can be said that international broadcasting has a deep relationship with modern day datacasting.

The reach of RSS and email for international broadcasters is not really known that well, especially considering that emails get forwarded. The numbers for active RSS and email audiences are probably 5 to 20 times larger than for streaming video. It may take into the 2010s to get meaningful numbers with respect to the size of these audiences for assorted technical reasons related to the RSS and email technologies.

Email and RSS feeds can traverse telecommunications barriers that streaming video cannot, thus the larger expected audience numbers. The global economic downturn of 2008-2009 will probably increase the email and RSS audience audience sizes as fewer people will be able to afford high speed internet connections in North America, Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific regions.

Listeners

An international broadcaster may have the technical means of reaching a foreign audience, but unless the foreign audience has a reason to listen, the effectiveness of the broadcaster is in question.

One of the most common foreign audiences consists of expatriates, who cannot listen to radio or watch television programs from home. Another common audience is radio hobbyists, who attempt to listen to as many countries as possible and obtain verification cards or letters (''QSLs''). A third audience consists of journalists, government officials, and key businesspersons, who exert a disproportionate influence on a state's foreign or economic policy.

A fourth, but less publicized audience, consists of intelligence officers and agents who monitor broadcasts for both open-source intelligence clues to the broadcasting state's policies and for hidden messages to foreign agents operating in the receiving country. The BBC started its monitoring service in Caversham, Reading in 1936 (now BBC Monitoring). In the United States, the DNI Open Source Center (formerly the Central Intelligence Agency's Foreign Broadcast Information Service) provides the same service. Copies of OSC/FBIS reports can be found in many U.S. libraries that serve as government depositories. In addition, a number of hobbyists listen and report "spook" transmissions.

Without these four audiences, international broadcasters face difficulty in getting funding. In 2001, for example, the BBC World Service stopped transmitting shortwave broadcasts to North America, and other international broadcasters, such as YLE Radio Finland, stopped certain foreign-language programs.

However, international broadcasting has been successful when a country does not provide programming wanted by a wide segment of the population. In the 1960s, when there was no BBC service playing rock and roll, Radio Television Luxembourg (RTL) broadcast rock and roll, including bands such as the Beatles, into the United Kingdom. Similar programming came from an unlicensed, or "pirate" station, Radio Caroline, which broadcast from a ship in the international waters of the North Sea.

Restricting reception

In many cases, governments do not want their citizens listening to international broadcasters. In Nazi Germany, a major propaganda campaign, backed by law and prison sentences, attempted to discourage Germans from listening to such stations. The practice was made illegal in 1939. In addition, the German government sold a cheap, 76-Reichsmark "People's Receiver", as well as an even cheaper 35-Reichsmark receiver,

The idea was copied by Stalin's Soviet Union, which had a nearly identical copy manufactured in the Tesla factory in Czechoslovakia. Another method of reaching people with government radio programming, but not foreign programming, is the use of radio broadcasting by direct broadcasting to loudspeakers. David Jackson, director of the Voice of America, noted "The North Korean government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."

Yet another method of preventing reception involves moving a domestic station to the frequency used by the international broadcaster. During the Batista government of Cuba, and during the Castro years, Cuban medium-wave stations broadcast on the frequencies of popular South Florida stations. In October 2002, Iraq changed frequencies of two stations to block the Voice of America's Radio Sawa program.

Jamming can be defeated by using very efficient transmitting antennas, carefully choosing the transmitted frequency, changing transmitted frequency often, using Single Sideband, and properly aiming the receiving antenna.

For a list of international broadcasters, see List of international broadcasters.

See also

English-language television

Shortwave

Shortwave bands

FTA receiver

Medium wave - MW broadcasts generally don't travel as far as shortwave broadcasts, but MW is still used for international broadcasting, particularly to neighboring countries

References

Sources

Graef 2005 Graef, Robert. ''Bicycling to Amersfoort: A World War II Memoir''. 2005, iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-34621-9

Horwitz 2001 Horwitz, Robert Britt. ''Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa''. 2001, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-79166-9.

Hughes and Mann 2002 Hughes, Matthew, and Chris Mann. ''Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich''. 2002, Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-503-0

Levillain 2002 Levillain, Philippe. ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia''. Translated by John O'Malley. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-92228-3

Martin 2006 Martin, Bradley K. ''Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty''. 2006, Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-32221-6

Wood 2000 Wood, James. ''History of International Broadcasting''. 2000, IET. ISBN 0-85296-920-1

External links

Hard-Core-DX - serious information about shortwave/AM radio stations

American Radio Relay League (ARRL), Newington, Connecticut.

englishradio.co.uk Cataloguing and reviewing every English-language radio station

Easy-to-construct "interference-reducing" antennas for shortwave portables: U.S. International Broadcasting Bureau and K3MT (the "Villard antenna")

''World Radio TV Handbook'' The bible of international broadcasting

''RCI Action Committee'' Union group created to protect Radio Canada International's international broadcasting mandate and funding.

Category:Propaganda techniques

da:International radiofoni de:Kurzwellenrundfunk es:Radiodifusión internacional ko:국제 방송 nl:Wereldomroep ja:国際放送 ru:международное радиовещание sv:Utlandskanal vi:Truyền thông quốc tế zh:国际广播

name	Asma al-Assadأسماء الأسد
office	First Lady of Syria
term start	December 2000
predecessor	Anisa Makhlouf
birth date	August 11, 1975
birth place	London, England, UK
birthname	Asma al-Akhras
nationality	Syrian, British
spouse	Bashar al-Assad
relations	Fawaz Akhras
children	Hafez (born 2001)Zein (born 2003)Karim (born 2004)
alma mater	King's College London}}

Asma al-Assad (); born 11 August 1975; née Asma al-Akhras (), is the British-Syrian First Lady of Syria. Born, raised and educated in the United Kingdom by Syrian-born parents, she graduated with a B.S. in Computer Science and French Literature. Following an unreported romance, she moved to Syria to marry President Bashar al-Assad in December 2000 after she previously pursued a career in investment banking.

Early life, education and finance career

Asma al-Akhras was born on 11 August 1975 in London to Fawaz Akhras, a consultant cardiologist at the Cromwell Hospital, London, and Sahar al-Akhras (née Otri), a retired diplomat. Her parents are Sunni and of Syrian origin, originally from Homs. She grew up in Acton where she went to a local Church of England school where her friends called her 'Emma', before moving on to a private girls school, Queen's College. Having attended King's College London, she graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science and a Diploma in French Literature.

After university, she started work at Deutsche Bank Group in the hedge fund management division with clients in Europe and the East Asia. In 1998, she joined the investment banking division of J.P. Morgan.

Personal life

She met Bashar al-Assad, the future president of Syria, while he was studying ophthalmology in London. After Hafez al-Assad's death in June 2000, Assad's son took over the presidency of Syria. She emigrated to Syria in November 2000 and married the new president in December. They have three children: Hafez, Zein and Karim.

First Lady

Asma al-Assad has been described by analysts and in media as an important part of the public relations of the Syrian government. She was credited with taking progressive positions on women's rights and education. Her stylish designer outfits have garnered media attention. The Syrian uprising has, however, dealt a blow to her public image amidst reports of extravagant spending, and a new picture emerged "of a woman closer in spirit to Imelda Marcos than the moderating counsellor to her husband's excesses that she was once seen as being."

She has been criticized by some Western media outlets for remaining largely silent during the Syrian uprising, issuing her first statement to international media in February 2012 through a representative over a year after the first serious protests. The representative sent an e-mail to ''The Times'' in London on her behalf stating: "The President is the President of Syria, not a faction of Syrians, and the first lady supports him in that role."

On 23 March 2012, European Union ministers froze her assets and placed a travel ban on her and other family members. Asma al-Assad herself remains able to travel to the UK because of her British nationality.

On 16 April 2012, Huberta von Voss Wittig and Sheila Lyall Grant, the wives of the German and British ambassadors to the United Nations, released a four-minute video asking Asma al-Assad to stand up for peace and urge her husband to end the bloodshed in her country.

References

External links

Ann Curry interviews Asma, ''NBC Nightly News'' with Brian Williams (9 May 2007)

The London girl with a plan to save Syria, Margarette Driscoll, ''The Times'' (7 December 2008)

The Mysterious Mrs. Assad, '' CBC News / The National'' - Special report from Susan Ormiston (20 February 2012)

Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Spouses of national leaders Category:British people of Syrian descent Category:People from Acton, London Category:Alumni of King's College London Category:Assad family Category:Syrian people

ar:أسماء الأخرس az:Əsma Əsəd ca:Asma al-Assad de:Asma al-Assad es:Asma al-Assad fa:اسما اسد fr:Asma el-Assad ko:아스마 알아사드 hy:Ասմա ալ-Ասադ id:Asma al-Assad it:Asma al-Asad he:אסמא אל-אסד no:Asma al-Assad pl:Asma al-Assad pt:Asma al-Assad ru:Асад, Асма sv:Asma al-Assad tr:Esma Esed zh:阿斯玛·阿萨德

background	non_performing_personnel
birth name	Scott Samuel Braun
alias	Scott, Scooter
birth date	June 18, 1981
Birth place	New York City, New York
genre	R&B/Pop
occupation	Talent Manager
years active	2007–present
label	Raymond-Braun Media Group (RBMG) Schoolboy Records
associated acts	UsherJustin BieberAsher RothCody SimpsonThe Wanted
website	Official Website
notable instruments	}}

Scott Samuel "Scooter" Braun (born June 18, 1981) is an American talent manager. His acts appear on two record labels, Raymond-Braun Media Group (RBMG) and Schoolboy Records. The most prominent artist Braun represents is Justin Bieber, who is signed to Raymond-Braun Media Group. Asher Roth, also a Braun client, is signed to Schoolboy Records.

Early life and education

Braun was born in New York City. He comes from a Hungarian Jewish family. His father and paternal grandparents lived in Hungary until 1956. Just before the Soviet Union intervened to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the family fled to the United States of America. In Hungary, his grandfather had been a dental student, but when he arrived in the United States, he took work as a lab technician in Queens. To make ends meet, Braun's grandmother took work in a New York sweatshop.

Braun's father, Dr. Ervin Braun, followed in his own father's footsteps, becoming a dentist in Manhattan. During dental school, he met Susan Schlussel, also a dental student, and the two married. After Scooter Braun was born, the family moved to Greenwich, Connecticut. His father was active in youth sports in the Greenwich area, founding the Connecticut Flame AAU basketball program.

As a middle school student, Braun entered a national video documentary contest. His entry was a ten-minute short film titled "The Hungarian Conflict", which focused on Holocaust-era Hungarian Jewry. Braun's film won 3rd place. A member of Braun's family sent the film to Steven Spielberg's office, which, in turn, submitted Braun's video to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The film is still being shown today.

Braun attended Greenwich High School, and played basketball from age 17 to 20. He was a member of the Amateur Athletic Union and class president.

Braun went to college at Emory University in Atlanta. He also played college basketball at Emory until a disagreement with his coach during his sophomore year.

Career

Braun began his career organizing parties at Emory University. His parties drew notice throughout Atlanta, attracting celebrity performers like Ludacris and Britney Spears. By the end of his sophomore year, Braun formally established his own party-promotion business. He suffered fierce competition from other promoters such as Todd Mekles, also an Emory student. Braun and Mekles eventually joined up to become the most dominating promoting team Atlanta ever saw. They went separate ways as Mekles had to pursue a medical career, now practicing Internal Medicine in New York. Braun and Mekles remain lifelong friends. In 2002, Braun was hired to plan afterparties in each of the five cities on the Anger Management Tour, featuring Ludacris and Eminem.

This launch into the world of hip-hop led Braun to producer Jermaine Dupri, the director of So So Def Records. Braun was 19 years old when Dupri asked him to join So So Def in a marketing position, and 20 when Dupri named him So So Def's executive director for marketing. Still in his sophomore year at Emory, Braun was working at So So Def and operating his party promotion business. Some of his larger events included parties for the 2003 NBA All-Star Game and after parties on the Britney Spears Onyx Hotel Tour. After his junior year, Braun left college. He is widely recognized as Justin Bieber's manager, even getting him a "swagger coach" to help with his so called "ladies' man" image. He is frequently seen in Bieber's 3D concert film and biopic Never Say Never

On the 14th February 2012 Braun and Justin Bieber signed canadian signer Carly Rae Jepsen to Schoolboy Records/Interscope Records; Schoolboy Records forms part of Braun's entertainment and marketing company, SB Projects.

Roosevelt Field Mall incident

In March 2010, Braun was arrested and charged with reckless endangerment and criminal nuisance, both misdemeanors. After a crowd became unruly at Roosevelt Field Mall, police asked him to send out a tweet announcing the cancellation of an appearance by Justin Bieber. Police allege that he delayed for more than an hour. Braun denies the charges, indicating that he complied with the request twice within seven minutes. On October 13, 2010, a pre-trial conference in the case was continued for rescheduling to a future date.

Personal life

On June 18, 2011, Braun celebrated his 30th birthday, hosted at Hollywood's Music Box. Guests in attendance included Kim Kardashian, Paris Hilton, Drew Gooden, Jimmy Iovine, Nicky Hilton along with performances by Justin Bieber, Asher Roth, MC Hammer, Jaden Smith and Usher. Braun dated longtime girlfriend Carin Morris from 2007 to 2012. Scooter's brother Adam is the founder of Pencils of Promise; both Scooter and Bieber have worked in support of the organization.

References

* Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:American Jews Category:American music managers Category:Talent agents Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent Category:People from Queens Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut

ar:سكوتر براون fa:اسکوتر براون fr:Scooter Braun pt:Scooter Braun

name	Shane 54 (Előd Császár)
background	non_performing_personnel
origin	Hungary
years active	1992–present
Associated acts	Myon & Shane 54
genre	PopTrance
label	Gesture Music }}

Shane 54 (Előd Császár, ) is a dance music producer and DJ based in Budapest. He's known for his mashups, bootlegs and remixes. He's remixed such leading acts as Paul Oakenfold, Above & Beyond, and Lange amongst others, and worked with labels like Vandit, Anjunabeats, Nebula, AVEX Japan, Logic US and Lost Language.

As a DJ, he long lost his record case; plays with a laptop, often creating his own mashups in clubs on the fly. He plays outside Hungary quite frequently. He's had gigs in Switzerland, USA, Finland, Germany, Holland, Slovenia, Spain and France. His weekly radio shows are broadcast on Hungary’s Roxy FM, ETN.FM in America & Trancetream.fm

He also has a TV show: “Laptop DJ” (broadcast on Cool TV Hungary). It's a mixture about the international dance music scene. Watch him traveling around the world to meet artists, DJ's and other interesting people.

He is a member of the group Myon & Shane 54.

Public uproar in Hungary after a deadly accident

He caused a car accident driving at around 100 km/h in Budapest on 17 December 1998, killing a 25-year-old police lieutenant. The jury declared that he was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol during the accident, but reprimanded him for drug abuse. He was sentenced to 1 year, 6 months of imprisonment suspended to 3 years. It also turned out that after the accident he tried to cheat with his insurance to get money for his ruined car. This resulted in public uproar and temporarily held back his career in Hungary. After this incident he has got the notorious nickname "Copkiller" in Hungary.

See also

Myon & Shane 54

References

Category:Hungarian musicians Category:Hungarian record producers Category:Living people

hu:Császár Előd

name	Brodie Smith
fullname	Brodie Smith
birth date	January 14, 1992
originalteam	Woodville West Torrens (SA)
draftpick	14th overall, 2010
heightweight	/ 78 kg
position	Defender
debutdate	Round 1, 26 March 2011
debutteam
debutopponent
debutstadium	AAMI Stadium
currentclub
guernsey	33
years	2011–
clubs
games(goals)	10 (2)
statsend	Round 17 2011
repstatsend	}}

Brodie Smith (born 14 January 1992) is an Australian rules football player for the Adelaide Crows. Smith was Adelaide's first selection in the 2010 National Draft after the club drafted him at pick 14 overall.

References

External links

AFL Tables: Brodie Smith

Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia Category:Adelaide Football Club players Category:Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players